A few other extinguishers worth noting are:

• Halotron I extinguishers, like carbon dioxide units, are "clean agents" that leave no residue after discharge. Halotron I is less damaging to the Earth's ozone layer than Halon 1211 (which was banned by international agreements starting in 1994). This "clean agent" discharges as a liquid, has high visibility during dischage, does not cause thermal or static shock, leaves no residue and is non-conducting. These properties make it ideal for computer rooms, clean rooms, telecommunications equipment, and electronics. These superior properties of Halotron I come at a higher cost relative to carbon dioxide.

• FE-36^TM (Hydrofluorocarbon-236fa or HFC-236fa) is another "clean agent" replacement for Halon 1211. This DuPont-manufactured substance is available commercially in Cleanguard® extinguishers. The FE-36 agent is less toxic than both Halon 1211 and Halotron I. In addition, FE-36 has zero ozone-depleting potential; FE-36 is not scheduled for phase-out wheras Halotron I production is slated to cease in 2015. A 100% non-magnetic CleanGuard model is now available (see the warning box below).

• Water mist extinguishers are ideal for Class A fires where a potential Class C hazard exists. Unlike an ordinary water extinguisher, the misting nozzle provides safety from electric shock and reduces scattering of burning materials. This is one of the best choices for protection of hospital environments, books, documents and clean room facilities. In non-magnetic versions, water mist extinguishers are the preferred choice for MRI or NMR facilities (see warning box below) or for deployment on mine sweepers.

เครื่องดับเพลิงอื่นๆ ที่ควรทราบได้แก่:

เครื่องดับเพลิง Halotron I เช่นเดียวกับหน่วยคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ คือ "สารทำความสะอาด" ที่ไม่ทิ้งสารตกค้างหลังจากปล่อยออกมา Halotron I สร้างความเสียหายต่อชั้นโอโซนของโลกน้อยกว่า Halotron 1211 (ซึ่งถูกห้ามโดยข้อตกลงระหว่างประเทศที่เริ่มในปี 1994) "สารทำความสะอาด" นี้ปล่อยออกเป็นของเหลว มีทัศนวิสัยสูงในระหว่างการระบาย ไม่ก่อให้เกิดความร้อนหรือแรงกระแทกจากไฟฟ้าสถิตย์ ไม่มีสารตกค้าง และไม่นำไฟฟ้า คุณสมบัติเหล่านี้ทำให้เหมาะสำหรับห้องคอมพิวเตอร์ ห้องคลีนรูม อุปกรณ์โทรคมนาคม และอุปกรณ์อิเล็กทรอนิกส์ คุณสมบัติที่เหนือกว่าของ Halotron I มีต้นทุนที่สูงกว่าเมื่อเทียบกับคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์

FE-36TM (ไฮโดรฟลูออโรคาร์บอน-236fa หรือ HFC-236fa) เป็นอีกหนึ่ง "สารทำความสะอาด" ที่ใช้ทดแทน Halon 1211 สารที่ผลิตโดย DuPont นี้มีวางจำหน่ายเชิงพาณิชย์ในถังดับเพลิง Cleanguard® สาร FE-36 มีความเป็นพิษน้อยกว่า Halotron 1211 และ Halotron I นอกจากนี้ FE-36 ยังมีศักยภาพในการทำลายโอโซนเป็นศูนย์ FE-36 ไม่มีกำหนดเลิกใช้ ในขณะที่การผลิต Halotron I มีกำหนดยุติในปี 2558 ขณะนี้มีรุ่น CleanGuard ที่ไม่ใช่แม่เหล็ก 100% จำหน่ายแล้ว (ดูกล่องคำเตือนด้านล่าง)

เครื่องดับเพลิงแบบละอองน้ำเหมาะอย่างยิ่งสำหรับเพลิงไหม้ประเภท A ที่อาจเกิดอันตรายระดับ C หัวฉีดละอองน้ำแตกต่างจากเครื่องดับเพลิงทั่วไป โดยให้ความปลอดภัยจากไฟฟ้าช็อตและลดการกระเจิงของวัสดุที่ลุกไหม้ นี่เป็นหนึ่งในตัวเลือกที่ดีที่สุดสำหรับการปกป้องสภาพแวดล้อมในโรงพยาบาล หนังสือ เอกสาร และสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกในห้องคลีนรูม ในเวอร์ชันที่ไม่มีแม่เหล็ก เครื่องดับเพลิงแบบละอองน้ำเป็นตัวเลือกที่เหมาะสมที่สุดสำหรับโรงงาน MRI หรือ NMR (ดูกล่องคำเตือนด้านล่าง) หรือสำหรับการใช้งานกับเครื่องกวาดทุ่นระเบิด

Some fires may be a combination of categories (ABCDK)!!!

Here are some typical extinguishers and their uses:

• Water extinguishers (not pictured and not found in laboratories) are suitable for class A (paper, wood etc.) fires, but not for class B, C and D fires such as burning liquids, electrical fires or reactive metal fires. In these cases, the flames will be spread or the hazard made greater! Water mist extinguishers are suitable for class A and C; see below.
• Dry chemical extinguishers are useful for either class ABC or class BC fires (check the label) and are your best all around choice for common fire situations. They have an advantage over CO₂ and "clean agent" extinguishers in that they leave a blanket of non-flammable material on the extinguished material which reduces the likelihood of reignition. They also make a terrible mess - but if the choice is a fire or a mess, take the mess! Note that there are two kinds of dry chemical extinguishers:
• Type BC fire extinguishers contain sodium or potassium bicarbonate.
• Type ABC fire extinguishers contain ammonium phosphate.
• 

• CO₂ (carbon dioxide) extinguishers are for class B and C fires. They don't work very well on class A fires because the material usually reignites. CO₂₂ is a bad choice for a flammable metal fires such as Grignard reagents, alkyllithiums and sodium metal because CO₂ extinguishers are not approved for class D fires! extinguishers have an advantage over dry chemical in that they leave behind no harmful residue. That makes carbon dioxide (or Halotron I or FE-36; see below) a good choice for an electrical fire involving a computer or other delicate instrument. Note that CO reacts with these materials. CO

• Metal/Sand Extinguishers are for flammable metals (class D fires) and work by simply smothering the fire. The most common extinguishing agent in this class is sodium chloride, but there are a variety of other options. You should have an approved class D unit if you are working with flammable metals. The following types of class D extinguishing units are available through our on-line store, Safety Emporium.

Which kind of extinguisher should I use?

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) classifies fires into five general categories (U.S.):

• Class A fires are ordinary materials like burning paper, lumber, cardboard, plastics etc.
• Class B fires involve flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, and common organic solvents used in the laboratory.
• Class C fires involve energized electrical equipment, such as appliances, switches, panel boxes, power tools, hot plates and stirrers. Water can be a dangerous extinguishing medium for class C fires because of the risk of electrical shock unless a specialized water mist extinguisher is used.
• Class D fires involve combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium and sodium as well as pyrophoric organometallic reagents such as alkyllithiums, Grignards and diethylzinc. These materials burn at high temperatures and will react violently with water, air, and/or other chemicals. Handle with care!!
• Class K fires are kitchen fires. This class was added to the NFPA portable extinguishers Standard 10 in 1998. Kitchen extinguishers installed before June 30, 1998 are "grandfathered" into the standard.

HMIS: Hazardous Materials Identification System

HMIS: Hazardous Materials Identification System


HMIS: Health Hazard Rating Chart
* Chronic Hazard - Chronic(long-term) health effects may result repeated overexposure.
0= Minimal Hazard - No significant risk to health
1= Slight Hazard - Irritation or minor reversible injury possible
2= Moderate Hazard - Temporary or minor injury may occur.
3= Serious Hazard - Major injury likely unless prompt action is taken and medical treatment is given.
4= Severe Hazard - Life-threatening, major or permanent damage may result from single or repeated overexposures.
HMIS: Flammability Hazard Rating Chart
0= Minimal Hazard - Materials that will not burn.
1= Slight Hazard - Materials that must be preheated before ignition will occur. Includes liquids,
solids and semi solids having a flash point above 200° F. (Class IIIB)
2= Moderate Hazard - Materials which must be moderately heated or exposed to high ambient
temperatures before ignition will occur. Includes liquids having a flash point at or above 100° F but below 200° F. (Classes II & IIIA)
3= Serious Hazard - Materials capable of ignition under almost all normal temperature conditions.
Includes flammable liquidswith flash points below 73° F and boiling points above 100° F.as well as liquids with flash points between 73° F and 100° F. (Classes IB & IC)
4= Severe Hazard - Flammable gases, or very volatile flammable liquids with flash points below
73° F, and boiling points below 100° F. Materials may ignite spontaneously with air. (Class IA)

HMIS: Physical Hazard Rating Chart
0= Minimal Hazard - Materials that are normally stable, under fire conditions and will not react to
water, polymerize, decompose, condense or self react.
1= Slight Hazard - Materials that are normally stable but can become unstable at high
temperature and pressures. Materials may react non-violently with water or undergo hazardous polymerization in the absence of inhibitors.
2= Moderate Hazard - Materials that are unstable and may undergo violent chemical change at
normal temperature and pressure with low risk for explosion. Materials may react violently with water or form peroxides upon exposure to air.
3= Serious Hazard - Materials that may form explosive mixtures with water are capable of
detonation or explosive reaction in the presence of a strong initiating source or undergo chemical change at normal temperature and pressure with moderate risk of explosion.
4= Severe Hazard - Materials that are readily, capable of water reaction, detonation or explosive
decomposition at normal temperatures and pressures.

WHMIS: Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System

WHMIS: Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System

The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS, known as SIMDUT, Système d'information sur les matières dangereuses utilisées au travail in French, Canada's other national language) is Canada's national workplace hazard communication standard. The key elements of the system, which came into effect on October 31, 1988, are cautionary labelling of containers of WHMIS controlled products, the provision of material safety data sheets (MSDSs) and worker education and site-specific training programs.

WHMIS is an example of synchronization and cooperation amongst Canada's federal, provincial and territorial governments. The coordinated approach avoided duplication, inefficiency through loss of scale and the interprovincial trade barriers that would have been created had each province and territory established its own hazard communication system.

NFPA704

What is NFPA 704?
The standard provides a readily recognized, easily understood system for identifying specific hazards and their severity using spatial, visual, and numerical methods to describe in simple terms the relative hazards of a material. It addresses the health, flammability, instability, and related hazards that may be presented as short-term, acute exposures that are most likely to occur as a result of fire, spill, or similar emergency.



Should I use this system in my facility? The 704 rating system is applicable to industrial, commercial, and institutional facilities that manufacture, process, use, or store hazardous materials. It is important to note that the standard is not applicable to transportation or for use by the general public. This is a relevant matter, because the NFPA 704 system is often confused with the placarding required by the Department of Transportation for hazardous materials. The standard is also not applicable to chronic exposures or to nonemergency occupational exposure.

Chemicals Listed as Carcinogenic in “NIOSH Pocket Guide to Hazardous Chemicals” (1990)

Chemicals Listed as Carcinogenic in
“NIOSH Pocket Guide to Hazardous Chemicals”
(1990)
Acetaldehyde
2-Acetylaminofluorene
Acryl amide
Acrylonitrile
Aldrin
4-Aminobiphenyl
Aniline
Anisidine
Arsenic and compounds
Arsine
Asbestos
Benzene
Benzidine
Beryllium
1,3-Butadiene
tert-Butyl chromate
Cadmium dust
Cadmium fume
Carbon black
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlordane
Chlorinated camphene
Chlorodiphenyl(42 and 54%chlorine)
Chloroform
bis-Chioromethyl ether
Chloromethyl methyl ether
beta-Chloroprene
Chromic acid and chromates
Coal tar pitch
DDT
1 ,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
p-Dichlorobenzene
3,3-Dich1orobenzidine (and its salts)
Dichloroethyl ether
Dieldrin
Diglycidyl ether
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
Deimethyl sulfate
Dinitrotoluene
Di-sec octyl phthalate
Dioxane
Epichlorohydrin
Ethyl acrylate
Ethylene dibromide
Ethylene dichloride
Ethyleneimine
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Heptachlo
Hexachioroethane
Hydrazine
Methoxychlor
Methyl bromide
Methyl chloride
Methylene chloride
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl iodide
alpha-Naphthylamine
beta-Naphthylamine
Nickel carbonyl
Nickel metal and compounds
4-Nitrobiphenyl
p-Nitrochlorobenzene
2-Nitropropane
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
Phenyl glycidyl ether
Phenyl hydrazine
beta-Propiolactone
Propylene dichloride
Propylene imine
Propylene oxide
Silica (crystalline)
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Tetrachloroethane
Titanium dioside
Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate
o-Toluidine
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
Uranium compounds
Vinyl chloride